The difference between an identifying clause and a verbal clause is that an identifying clause construes a relation of identity between participants, whereas a verbal clause construes a 'signal source' that projects a locution (wording) into semiotic existence. An identifying clause construes different levels of symbolic abstraction, Token and Value, whereas a verbal nexus construes different orders of experience, projecting (first-order) and projected (second-order). Often verb substitution — e.g. 'is' for identifying, 'say' for verbal — can differentiate the types, but there are still instances of indeterminacy, e.g.
