Actor
|
Process: material
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Goal
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congruent
|
|
he
|
kissed
|
his sister
|
||
he
|
gave
|
his sister
|
a kiss
|
metaphorical
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Actor
|
Process: material
|
Recipient
|
Goal
|
Because grammatical metaphor is a junctional construct, the metaphorical expression construes 'his sister' both as the Goal and as the Recipient of the Process 'kiss', and construes 'kiss' both as Process and as gift (Goal: the Medium of giving).
The advantages of the metaphorical construal of a process as a participant include:
- it can be sub-classified, as in he gave his sister a perfunctory and very reluctant kiss,
- it can be given thematic status in a message, and
- it can be given modal responsibility in a proposition.
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